HadGEM1-HistABW2 HadGEM1 Climate Simulation - Historic Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing (Ensemble Run 2) Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM1-HistABW2 2007-02-01 Exeter/Devon/UK Met Office Hadley Centre model grid Investigator Data Owner Tim Johns tim.johns@metoffice.gov.uk +44 (0) 1392 886901 +44 (0) 1392 885681 Met Office Hadley Centre Fitzroy Road Exeter Devon EX1 3PB UK Metadata Contact Mark Elkington mark.elkington@metoffice.gov.uk +44 (0) 1392 884835 +44 (0) 1392 885681 Met Office Hadley Centre Fitzroy Road Exeter Devon EX1 3PB UK EARTH SCIENCE Atmosphere Aerosols EARTH SCIENCE Atmosphere Atmospheric Pressure EARTH SCIENCE Atmosphere Energy/Radiation Balance EARTH SCIENCE Atmosphere Atmospheric Temperature EARTH SCIENCE Atmosphere Atmospheric Water Vapour EARTH SCIENCE Atmosphere Atmospheric Winds EARTH SCIENCE Atmosphere Clouds EARTH SCIENCE Atmosphere Precipitation EARTH SCIENCE Cryosphere Frozen Ground EARTH SCIENCE Cryosphere Glaciers/Ice Sheets EARTH SCIENCE Cryosphere Sea Ice EARTH SCIENCE Cryosphere Snow/Ice EARTH SCIENCE Land Surface Frozen Ground EARTH SCIENCE Land Surface Land Temperature EARTH SCIENCE Land Surface Soils Soil Moisture EARTH SCIENCE Land Surface Soils Soil Temperature EARTH SCIENCE Land Surface Surface Radiative Properties EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Coastal Processes Sea Surface Height EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Ocean Circulation EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Ocean Heat Budget EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Ocean Pressure EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Ocean Temperature EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Ocean Winds EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Salinity/Density EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Sea Ice EARTH SCIENCE Oceans Sea Surface Topography EARTH SCIENCE Terrestrial Hydrosphere Glaciers/Ice Sheets EARTH SCIENCE Terrestrial Hydrosphere Ground Water Soil Moisture EARTH SCIENCE Terrestrial Hydrosphere Snow/Ice EARTH SCIENCE Terrestrial Hydrosphere Surface Water Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere 1859-12-01 1999-11-30 360 Day Complete 90S 90N 180W 180E 0 km 39 km 0 km 5.3 km 1.25 degrees in atmosphere 1.875 degrees in atmosphere 100 km - < 250 km or approximately 1 deg - < 2.5 deg 20m - 6300m (38 levels in the atmosphere) 100 meters - < 1 km 20 minutes in atmosphere - typically averaged on day, month, season or year Daily Climatology 1.0 degrees in ocean 1.0 degrees in ocean 100 km - < 250 km or approximately 1 deg - < 2.5 deg 10m to 345m (40 levels in ocean) 10 meters - < 30 meters 1 hour in ocean - typically averaged on day, month, season or year Daily Climatology HadGEM1 Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model Version 1 Registration with the British Atmospheric Data Centre is required before this data set can be accessed.(http://badc.nerc.ac.uk) This dataset must only be used for scientific purposes unless specific authorisation is given by the Met Office. The Met Office must be acknowledged in any reproduction of data, publication of papers, reports, presentations and other literature arising from the use of these data. British English Met Office Hadley Centre GB/NCAS/BADC British Atmospheric Data Centre http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/ HadGEM1-HistABW2 Data Centre Contact BADC Support badc@rl.ac.uk +44 (0) 1235 446432 +44 (0) 1235 446314 Space Science and Technology Department R25 - Room 2.122 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton, Nr Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0QX UK online FTP 1.7 Tb PP None (for scientific use) online FTP 1.7 Tb netCDF None (for scientific use) T.C. Johns, C.F. Durman, H.T. Banks, M.J. Roberts, A.J. McLaren, J.K. Ridley, C.A. Senior, K.D. Williams, A. Jones, G.J. Rickard, S. Cusack, W.J. Ingram, M. Crucifix, D.M.H. Sexton, M.M. Joshi, B-W. Dong, H. Spencer, R.S.R. Hill, J.M. Gregory, A.B. Keen, A.K. Pardaens, J.A. Lowe, A. Bodas-Salcedo, S. Stark, and Y. Searl (2006) The new Hadley Centre climate model HadGEM1: Evaluation of coupled simulations. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 7, pages 1327-1353. G.M. Martin, M.A. Ringer, V.D. Pope, A. Jones, C. Dearden and T.J. Hinton (2006) The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, HadGEM1 - Part 1: Model description and global climatology. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No.7, pages 1274-1301. M.A. Ringer, G.M. Martin, C.Z. Greeves, T.J. Hinton, P.M. James, V.D. Pope, A.A. Scaife, R.A. Stratton, P.M. Inness, J.M. Slingo, and G.-Y. Yang (2006) The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, HadGEM1 - Part 2: Aspects of variability and regional climate. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 7, pages 1302-1326. P.A. Stott, G.S. Jones, J.A. Lowe, P.W. Thorne, C.F. Durman, T.C. Johns, and J.-C. Thelen (2006) Transient climate simulations with the HadGEM1 climate model: Causes of past warming and future climate change. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 12, pages 2763-2782. A. J. McLaren, H. T. Banks, C. F. Durman, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, A. B. Keen, J. K. Ridley, M. J. Roberts, W. H. Lipscomb, W. M. Connolley and S. W. Laxon (2006) Evaluation of the sea ice simulation in a new coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 111, C12014, doi:10.1029/2005JC003033. The Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 was developed from the Met Office Unified Model New Dynamics in the period 2000-2004. It improved on the resolution available from previous Hadley Centre models and included support for interactive couplings between the atmosphere and ocean and the biosphere, atmospheric chemistry, the sulphur cycle and atmospheric aerosols. The HadGEM1 model was used by the Hadley Centre to provide input for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. The Historic Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing experiment differs from the HadGEM1 control experiment by the addition of anthropogenic forcing of green house gases, ozone, vegetation area/structure and various emissions (sulpher cycle, soot, biomass burning etc.) and natural forcing from solar variation and volcanic aerosols. This is the second ensemble element of the Historic Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing experiment and uses data from the HadGEM1 control for 2189-12-01 for the initial conditions perturbation. VIEW EXTENDED METADATA http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/link/metadata/HadGEM1_HistABW2.xml More detailed metadata on the model configuration and parameters is available in XML format GET DATA http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/ Users must register with the British Atmospheric Data Centre to access this data set. CEOS IDN DIF 9.7 2008-03-20 2008-04-16 2010-04-16 False HadGEM1 NumSim www.metoffice.gov.uk LINK GCM The Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 was developed from the Met Office Unified Model New Dynamics in the period 2000-2004. It improved on the resolution available from previous Hadley Centre models and included support for interactive couplings between the atmosphere and ocean and the biosphere, atmospheric chemistry, the sulphur cycle and atmospheric aerosols. The HadGEM1 model was used by the Hadley Centre to provide input for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. T.C. Johns, C.F. Durman, H.T. Banks, M.J. Roberts, A.J. McLaren, J.K. Ridley, C.A. Senior, K.D. Williams, A. Jones, G.J. Rickard, S. Cusack, W.J. Ingram, M. Crucifix, D.M.H. Sexton, M.M. Joshi, B-W. Dong, H. Spencer, R.S.R. Hill, J.M. Gregory, A.B. Keen, A.K. Pardaens, J.A. Lowe, A. Bodas-Salcedo, S. Stark, and Y. Searl (2006) The new Hadley Centre climate model HadGEM1: Evaluation of coupled simulations. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 7, pages 1327-1353. G.M. Martin, M.A. Ringer, V.D. Pope, A. Jones, C. Dearden and T.J. Hinton (2006) The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, HadGEM1 - Part 1: Model description and global climatology. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 7, pages 1274-1301. M.A. Ringer, G.M. Martin, C.Z. Greeves, T.J. Hinton, P.M. James, V.D. Pope, A.A. Scaife, R.A. Stratton, P.M. Inness, J.M. Slingo, and G.-Y. Yang (2006) The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, HadGEM1 - Part 2: Aspects of variability and regional climate. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 7, pages 1302-1326. P.A. Stott, G.S. Jones, J.A. Lowe, P.W. Thorne, C.F. Durman, T.C. Johns, and J.-C. Thelen (2006) Transient climate simulations with the HadGEM1 climate model: Causes of past warming and future climate change. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 12, pages 2763-2782. A. J. McLaren, H. T. Banks, C. F. Durman, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, A. B. Keen, J. K. Ridley, M. J. Roberts, W. H. Lipscomb, W. M. Connolley and S. W. Laxon (2006) Evaluation of the sea ice simulation in a new coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 111, C12014, doi:10.1029/2005JC003033. Atmosphere Atmosphere The HadGEM1 model incorporates the Met Office's New Dynamics framework that provides a non-hydrostatic, fully compressible, deep atmosphere formulation with fewer approximations to the basic equations; semi-Lagrangian advection of all prognostic; variables except density, permitting relatively long timesteps to be used at higher resolution; a conservative and monotone treatment of tracer transport; and improved geostrophic adjustment properties bringing better balance to the coupling. Another key advance in HadGEM1 is the inclusion of the interactive modelling of atmospheric aerosols, driven by surface and elevated emissions and including tropospheric chemical processes as well as physical removal processes such as washout. The aerosol species represented in the model are sulphate, black carbon, biomass smoke, and sea salt. The atmospheric component of HadGEM has a horizontal resolution of 1.25 degrees of latitude by 1.875 degrees of longitude with 38 layers in the vertical extending to over 39 km in height. The model uses the Arakawa C-grid horizontally and the Charney-Phillips grid vertically. The atmospheric timestep period is 20 minutes (72 timesteps per day). Davies, T., M. J. P. Cullen, A. J. Malcolm, M. H. Mawson, A. Staniforth, A. A. White, and N. Wood, (2005) A new dynamical core for the Met Office’s global and regional modelling of the atmosphere. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorology Society, 131, 1759–1782. Land Surface Scheme LandSurface The second version of the U.K. Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme (MOSES-II) (Cox et al. 1999; Essery et al. 2001) is used. This allows tiling of land surface heterogeneity using nine different surface types. A separate surface energy balance is calculated for each tile and area-weighted grid box mean fluxes are computed, which are thus much more realistic than when a single surface type is assumed. In addition, vegetation leaf area is allowed to vary seasonally, providing a more realistic representation of seasonal changes in surface fluxes. Tiling of coastal grid points allows separate treatment of land and sea fractions. This in combination with the increased ocean model resolution greatly improves the coastline, particularly in island regions. Cox, P. M., R. A. Betts, C. B. Bunton, R. L. H. Essery, P. R. Rowntree, and J. Smith, 1999: The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity. Climate Dyn., 15, 183–203. Essery, R., M. Best, and P. Cox, 2001: MOSES 2.2 technical documentation. Hadley Centre Technical Note 30, 30 pp. Boundary Layer Scheme Atmosphere The boundary layer scheme is that of Lock et al. (2000). It is a first-order turbulence closure mixing adiabatically conserved variables. For unstable boundary layers strong transport by eddies on the scale of the layer depth motivates a nonlocal dependence. The existence and depth of unstable layers is diagnosed initially by moist adiabatic parcels. Diffusion coefficients (“K-profiles”) are specified as functions of height within the boundary layer, related to the strength of the turbulence forcing (formulation developed from large eddy simulation data). Two separate K-profiles are used, one for surface sources of turbulence and one for cloud-top sources. The vertical extent of the K-profiles is adjusted to ensure that the buoyancy consumption of turbulence energy in cloud-capped boundary layers is limited. Mixing across the top of the boundary layer is through an explicit entrainment parameterization. This is coupled to the radiative fluxes and the dynamics through a subgrid inversion diagnosis. There is an additional nonlocal flux of heat. For stable boundary layers the stability limits the vertical transport of energy, motivating use of a closure based on local gradients. The local Richardson number scheme described by Smith (1993) is used, although in HadGEM1 the SHARPEST functions (a variant on the SHARP scheme of King et al. 2001) for the stability dependence are used, which give less mixing at a given stability than in HadCM3. Lock, A. P., A. R. Brown, M. R. Bush, G. M. Martin, R. N. B. Smith et al. (2000) A new boundary layer mixing scheme. Part I: scheme description and SCM tests. Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, 128, 3187-3199. Smith R. N. B (1993) Experience and developments with the layer cloud and boundary layer mixing schemes in the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model. Proc. ECMWF/GCSS Workshop on Parametrization of the Cloud-Topped Boundary Layer,cECMWF, Reading, England, 319–339. King J. C., W. M. Connolley, and S. H. Derbyshire, (2001) Sensitivity of modelled Antarctic climate to surface and boundarylayer flux parametrizations. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 127, 779–794. Convection Scheme ConvectionScheme The convection scheme in HadGEM1 is based on the mass flux scheme of Gregory and Rowntree (1990) but with major modifications. The scheme is now explicitly coupled to the boundary layer scheme, and cumulus convection is similarly diagnosed using the mean humidity profile. If cumulus convection is diagnosed, then the boundary layer scheme is capped at convective cloud base. The convection scheme is then triggered from the lifting condensation level in order to parameterize transports from cloud base upward. Deep and shallow convection are diagnosed separately and different thermodynamic closures are applied. In shallow convection the closure is based on Grant (2001); for deep convection a CAPE closure is used, based on Fritsch and Chappell (1980). A new convective momentum transport (CMT) parameterization is used for both deep and shallow convection, based on a flux– gradient relationship obtained from the stress budget. A new cloud-base closure for CMT is used, based on the assumption that large-scale horizontal pressure gradients should be continuous across cloud base. Entrainment and detrainment rates for shallow convection are parameterized as in Grant and Brown (1999). The radiative effects of convective anvils are represented by specifying (for radiation) a vertically varying convective cloud amount (Gregory 1999). Gregory, J. and P.R. Rowntree (1990) A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability- dependent closure. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 1483–1506. Grant, A.L.M. (2001) Cloud base fluxes in the cumulus-capped boundary layer. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 127: 407-421. Fritsch, J. M., and C. F. Chappell (1980) Numerical prediction of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems - Part I: Convective parameterization. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 1722–1733. Gregory, J. (1999) Representation of the radiative effects of convective anvils. Hadley Centre Technical Note 7. Grant, A.L.M. and A. R. Brown, (1999) A similarity hypothesis for shallowcumulus transports. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 1913–1936. Gravity Wave Scheme GravityWaves The gravity wave drag (GWD) scheme is that of Webster et al. (2003) and includes low-level flow blocking. The actual gravity wave drag is that due to air flowing over orography; it is deposited where wave breaking is diagnosed (typically in the lower stratosphere). The remaining drag (about 80% of the total) is attributed to flow around the orography and is deposited uniformly between the surface and the subgridscale orographic height. Webster S., A.R. Brown, D.R. Cameron and C.P. Jones, (2003) Improvements to the Representation of Orography in the Met Office Unified Model. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 129 (591), 1989-2010 Part B. Precipitation and Cloud Scheme CloudScheme The large-scale cloud scheme for liquid cloud is that of Smith (1990), in which cloud water and cloud amount are diagnosed from total moisture and liquid water potential temperature using a triangular probability distribution function. In HadCM3 the width of this distribution was fixed globally for each model level, while in HadGEM1 the width is diagnosed from the variability of the moisture and temperature of the surrounding grid points (Cusack et al. 1999). A representation of the difference between cloud area fraction and cloud volume fraction is made by subdividing a single model layer into three. HadGEM1 introduced an updated version of the Wilson and Ballard (1999) microphysics scheme. Transfers between water categories (ice, liquid water, vapor, and rain) are calculated based on physical process equations using particle size information. Smith, R. N. B. (1990) A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 116, 435–460. Cusack, S., J. M. Edwards, and J. M. Crowther (1999) Investigating k-distribution methods for parameterizing gaseous absorption in the Hadley Centre climate model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 2051–2057. Wilson, D. R., and S. P. Ballard (1999) A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the Met Office Unified Model. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 1607–1636. Advection Scheme AdvectionScheme A semi-lagrangian advection scheme is used. The advection of potential temperature, moisture, density and winds are treated separately. Moisture is conserved using a non-hydrostatic scheme. Davies, T., M. J. P. Cullen, A. J. Malcolm, M. H. Mawson, A. Staniforth, A. A. White, and N. Wood (2005) A new dynamical core for the Met Office’s global and regional modelling of the atmosphere. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 131, 1759–1782. Diffusion Scheme DiffusionScheme A conservative horizontal diffusion scheme is used. Vertical diffusion is switched off. Aerosols AerosolScheme A significant new feature of HadGEM1 is the inclusion of interactive schemes for sulphate, sea salt, black carbon, and biomass- burning aerosols. The sulphate scheme is a development of that described in Jones et al. (2001). It simulates two modes of free aerosol particle and also includes a mode for sulphate dissolved in cloud water. These three modes, along with the mass mixing ratios of sulphur dioxide and dimethyl sulphide, are advected by the model’s traceradvection scheme and undergo the processes of wet and dry removal. The scheme has an improved treatment of the diffusional scavenging of Aitken-mode sulphate aerosol and now includes the coagulation of Aitken- to accumulation-mode sulphate (Woodage et al. 2003). The oxidation of SO2 and DMS is performed using oxidant concentrations derived from the offline STOCHEMchemical transport model . The model now includes a more interactive scheme for the emission of dimethyl sulphide from the ocean based on sea surface temperature and low-level wind speed (Jones and Roberts 2004). The black carbon (Roberts and Jones 2004) and the biomass-burning (Woodage et al. 2003) aerosol schemes include modes for freshly emitted particles that gradually age over time into another, more hygroscopic mode; there is also a mode for aerosol that has become incorporated into cloud droplets. Black carbon is considered to be only slightly hygroscopic, only becoming incorporated into cloud droplets by diffusion, whereas biomass-burning aerosols are considered to act as cloud condensation nuclei. Transport and deposition processes are performed in a similar fashion to sulphate. The sea salt scheme, unlike those described above, is a simple diagnostic scheme depending on wind speed and height above the surface to determine the number concentration of sea salt particles in two size modes. The model includes the direct effect (scattering and/or absorption of radiation) of all simulated aerosols and thereby also includes the so-called 'semi-direct' effect (the impact on atmospheric temperature and clouds due to absorption by aerosols). All aerosolspecies except black carbon also contribute to both the first and second indirect effects on clouds (modifying cloud albedo andprecipitation efficiency, respectively). Jones, A., D.L. Roberts, M.J. Woodage and C.E. Johnson (2001) Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulpher cycle. J. Geophys Res., 106, 20293-20310. Roberts D.L. and A. Jones (2004) Climate sensitivity to black carbon aerosol from fossil fuel combustion. J. Geophys. Resr., 109, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004676. Jones, A. and D.L. Roberts (2004) An interactive DMS emissions scheme for the Unified Model. Hadley Centre Technical Note 47, Met Office, Exeter. Woodage, M., P. Davison, and D.L. Roberts (2003) Aerosol Processes. Unified Model documentation Paper no. 20, Met Office, Exeter. Rivers RiverScheme Realistic river flow is important for the freshwater contribution to the thermohaline circulation in HadGEM1. The new Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) dynamic river routing scheme (Oki and Sud 1998) advects runoff along prescribed channels using an embedded 1° x 1° river transport submodel. . All rivers flow with an effective velocity of 0.4 m/s and a meander ratio of 1.4. River outflow to the ocean is included. Oki and Sud (1998) Design of the Total Runoff Integrating Pathways [TRIP] - A global river channel network. Earth Interactions, 2. Ocean Ocean The ocean component of HadGEM1 is based on the Bryan-Cox code (Bryan 1969; Cox 1984) and is a development of the ocean component of HadCM3. The model uses a latitude-longitude grid with a zonal resolution of 1 degree, and a meridional resolution of 1 degree between the poles and 30 degrees, from which it increases smoothly to 0.333 degrees at the equator - giving a grid of 360x216 points. It has 40 unevenly spaced levels in the vertical, with enhanced resolution near the surface better to resolve the mixed layer and thermocline. The timestep period is 1 hour, with a mixing timestep of once per day. HadGEM1 uses a bathymetry derived from the Smith and Sandwell (1997) 1/30 degrees depth dataset merged with ETOPO5 (1988) 1/12 degrees data at high latitudes, interpolated to the model grid and smoothed using a five-point (1:4:1) two-dimensional filter. Where this procedure obstructs important narrow pathways (e.g., Denmark Strait, Faroes–Shetland Channel, Vema Channel, and around the Indonesian archipelago), the bathymetry is adjusted to allow some flow at realistic depths (with reference to Thompson 1995). The land masks for the ocean grid differs from that used for the atmosphere model, due to the differences in model resolutions. To enable daily coupling between the models a tiling scheme has been introduced. For each atmosphere grid box, fractions of the fluxes can be coupled to land, sea and sea ice models so that the total flux is conserved - though locally the flux may not be conserved so diagnosis can be difficult. The only ancillary flux used by the ocean model is to enable a balance in the freshwater flux to be maintained, since the accumulation of frozen water on land is not returned into the freshwater cycle, i.e there is no representation of icebergs calving off ice shelves. The ancillary flux is used to add freshwater back into the model, calibrated from HadCM3 to give a balanced freshwater budget. Bryan, K. (1969) A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean. Journal of Computational Physics, 4, 347-376 Cox, M. D. (1984) A primitive equation, three dimensional model of the ocean. Ocean Group Technical Report 1, GFDL, Princeton. Tracer advection and diffusion AdvectionScheme A pseudo fourth-order advection scheme (Pacanowski and Griffies 1998), which is more accurate and generates less grid-scale noise than HadCM3’s second-order scheme, including upstream mixing at the ocean bottom to improve model stability there. A simple semi-implicit representation of linear bottom friction is included which removes momentum at the ocean bottom depending on the magnitude of the velocities found there. Pacanowski, R. C., and S. M. Griffies, (1998) MOM 3.0 manual. NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 692 pp. [Available from NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08542.] Tracer Diffusion DiffusionScheme Isopycnal diffusivity takes a constant value of 500 m2 s-1 using the Griffies et al. (1998) scheme; the Gent and McWilliams (1990) adiabatic mixing scheme in the skew flux form (Griffies 1998) is used with a spatially and temporally varying coefficient (Visbeck et al. 1997; Roberts 2004), a minimum value of 150 m2 s-1, and spatial distribution with higher values in the western boundary currents and Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The biharmonic adiabatic scheme of Roberts and Marshall (1998) is used with coefficient 1.0e+12 cos3(lat) m4 s-1. The cos(lat) factor is required for numerical reasons owing to the convergence of meridians at high latitude. Horizontally aligned biharmonic tracer mixing in the top 20m (top two model layers), with coefficient 2.5e+12 cos3(lat) m4 s-1 is included to partially represent enhanced mixing at the ocean surface. Momentum diffusion uses both a Laplacian scheme with a constant coefficient of 2000 m2 s-1 and a biharmonic scheme with coefficient 1.0e+13 cos3(lat) m4 s-1. Griffies, S. M., A. Gnanadesikan, R. C. Pacanowski, V. D. Larichev, J. K. Dukowicz, and R. D. Smith, (1998) Isoneutral diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28, 805–830. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, (1990) Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20, 150–155. Griffies, S. M., (1998) The Gent–McWilliams skew flux. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28, 831–841. Visbeck, M., J. Marshall, T. Haine, and M. Spall, (1997) Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 381–402. Roberts, M. J., (2004) The Gent and McWilliams parameterisation scheme, including Visbeck and biharmonic GM schemes. Tech. Rep., Unified Model Documentation Paper UMDP54, Met Office, 23 pp. Roberts, M. J. and D. Marshall, (1998) Do we require adiabatic dissipation schemes in eddy-resolving ocean models? Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28, 2050–2063. Filtering Filtering Fourier filtering is used to decrease the effective resolution of the model at latitudes above 73 degrees, to remove spurious short-wavelength waves due to the convergence of meridians caused by the use of a latitude-longitude. Sunlight Penetration RadiationScheme A two band scheme (one more penetrative) from Paulson and Simpson (1977), assuming pure water type 1B with coefficients adjusted Paulson C. A. and J. J. Simpson (1977) Irradiance Measurements in the Upper Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 7, 952-956 Mixed Layer and Vertical Diffusion MixedLayerScheme The mixed layer is represented by the Kraus and Turner (1967) bulk mixed layer for tracers, together with a quadratic representation to the Large et al. (1994) scheme for momentum mixing in the mixed layer. Vertical mixing beneath the mixed layer is performed by the Peters et al. (1988) scheme; this is a Richardson-number dependent scheme, and its parameters have been altered better to fit the observed data in their paper by Cusack (2004). This change reduces the excessive noise near the ocean surface. There is also a modification to the standard vertical mixing scheme to enhance the mixing at the base of the mixed layer, to increase the communication between the ocean surface and the deeper layers and make the profile more similar to the observed. Kraus, E. B. and J. S. Turner (1967) A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline, Part II, Tellus, 19, 98-105. Peters H., M. C. Gregg, and J. M. Toole (1988) On the parameterization of equatorial turbulence. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 1199-1218. Large W. G., J. C. McWilliams and S.C. Doney (1994) Ocean vertical mixing: A review and a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics, 32, 363-403. Barotropic Solution, Momentum Flux and Diffusion Ocean The model uses an implicit linear free surface (Dukowicz and Smith 1994) to solve for the barotropic mode, using a conjugate gradient solver, and this scheme allows for a more realistic representation of freshwater fluxes than was possible with the rigid lid of HadCM3. Dukowicz, J. K. and R. D. Smith (1994) implicit free surface method for the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model. Journal of Geophysical Research, C4, 7991-8014. Convection ConvectionScheme Convective mixing in the model uses the Rahmstorf (1993) full convection scheme as in HadCM3, but does not use the Roussenov convective adjustment scheme (Roether et. a. 1994) which was used in HadCM3. The equation of state remains the UNESCO 1981 polynomial approximation as in HadCM3. There are limits on the model surface salinity which is not allowed to go outside the range 0 - 45 psu. Rahmstorf, S. (1993) A fast and complete convection scheme for ocean models. Ocean Modelling, 101, 9-11. Roether, W., V. M. Roussenov and R. Well (1994) A trace study of the thermohaline circulation of the eastern Mediterranean. In: Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Robinson AR (eds) Ocean Processes in climate dynamics, global and Mediterranean example, kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, pp 371-394. Salinity Control There is no reference salinity, instead salinity limits are applied. Upper salinity limit: 4.5e-02 (psu/1000). Lower salinity limit: 5.0e-03 (psu/1000). Ocean Straits OceanStraitScheme There is a parameterisation of flow into three marginal seas where the passages are not resolved by the model grid. Mediterranean water is partially mixed with Atlantic water across the Strait of Gibralter (constant flux of 0.4Sv over the top 80m and out at 600m). The Red Sea has 0.2Sv fluxed in over the top 20m and out at 40-60m. The Persian Gulf has 0.1Sv fluxed in over the top 20m and out at 40-60m. The flux volumes used are based on observed values, although the Mediterranean value had to be decreased because the model does not represent many of the mixing processes that would modulate the water as it flows over the sill. Sea Ice Cryosphere The sea-ice model is split in HadGEM1 between the atmosphere and ocean model components. The atmosphere part calculates the atmosphere-ice heat fluxes, the diffusive heat flux through the ice, the ice surface temperature and surface melting. This allows the diurnal cycle of the surface temperature to be modelled. The ocean part deals with the remaining thermodynamics, calculates basal melting by heat supplied from the mixed layer, keeps account of snow and ice thickness changes including conversion of submerged snow to ice, and deals with ice dynamics including ridging using daily mean fields of the atmospheric forcings supplied via coupling routines. Johns, T. et al. (2005) HadGEM1 - Model description and analysis of preliminary experiments for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Hadley Centre Technical Note 55, 74pp. Sea Ice Dynamics Cryosphere The Ice velocities are computed using the Elastic-Viscous-Plastic dynamics of Hunke and Dukowitz (1997). The ice momentum and stres state equations are solved to balance the effect of wind stress, ocean currents, Coriolis term and the internal ice stresses while maintaining a viscous plastic ice rheology. Ice is allowed to flow across the North Pole despite the ocean model having a polar island. Hunke, E. and J. Dukowicz (1997) An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea-ice dynamics. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 1849-1867. Sea Ice Thermodynamics Cryosphere The zero-layer thermodynamics model of Semtner (1976), combined with a multiple ice thickness category model (Lipscomb, 2001) is used to capture the sub-gridscale ice thickness distribution. Ice thickness affects many sea ice properties and processes, including the growth rate, ice strength and surface energy fluxes. As ice thickness can vary greatly within the grid box length scale, a multiple ice category model should lead to an improved representation of sea ice processes. A mechanical redistribution (or ridging scheme) is also included, which can convert thinner ice to thicker ice within a grid box. Ocean to ice heat flux parameterisation uses the McPhee scheme (McPhee, 1992), which uses both the ocean-ice temperature difference and the friction velocity in the flux parameterisation. The McPhee scheme produces a flux proportional to the ice concentration above a marginal sea ice concentration of 0.05. For lower concentrations, the heat flux is constant. Semtner, A. (1976) A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 6, 379-389 Lipscomb, W. (2001) Remapping the thickness distribution in sea ice models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 13989-14000 McPhee, M. G., 1992: Turbulent heat-flux in the upper ocean under sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, American Geophysical Union, 97(C4), 5365-5379. Sea Ice Albedo Cryosphere The ice albedo scheme is based on the scheme of Ebert ad Curry (1993) with a parameterisation based on SHEBA observations. The bare ice albedo is modified (Semtner 1987) to simulate internal scattering processes in the zero layer scheme, which act to delay the onset of melt. In addition, the snow parameterisation scheme used in the land surface scheme is included, which allows for partial and semi-transparent snow cover. The snow albedo is modified by surface temperature, representing the increase in liquid water content. As a consequence the surface albedo, in addition to surface air temperature, is highly responsive to modelled snow fall events. Ebert, E. E., and J. A. Curry (1993) An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating ice-atmosphere interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 10085-10109. Semtner, A. (1987) A numerical study of sea ice and ocean circulation in the Arctic. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17, 1077-1099 Atmosphere to Ocean Coupler Coupler The atmosphere and ocean exchange information once per model day. The sea-ice model is coupled to the ocean model. The coupling is carried out by transferring surface atmospheric fluxes to the ocean (and sea ice) grid at the end of each atmosphere day and by transferring ocean boundary conditions (fixed for the duration of the atmosphere day) to the atmosphere grid at the end of each ocean day. The coupling fluxes comprise wind stress, shortware radiation, non-penetrative surface heat flux, precipitation minus evaporation, river outflow, snowfall, sublimation, and top and bottom melting of sea ice. The ocean-to-atmosphere boundary fields comprise surface current, ice concentration, ice depth, snow depth and sea surface temperature. Since the coupling occurs only at the atmosphere-ocean-sea ice interface, all the coupling fields are two dimensional apart from the top and bottom melting of sea ice which have an extra dimension to represent ice thickness categories. The coupling of fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean grids consists of several steps (Roberts et al. 2004). Multiple model outputs may be combined into a single field and scaling factors may be applied. The fluxes are then transferred to the ocean grid by horizontal bilinear interpolation followed by a coastal adjustment step which maps each coastal point to its nearest compatible point on the atmosphere grid, attempting to correct for discontinuities interpolating across the land/sea boundary. Finally, due to the non-congruent nature of the atmosphere and ocean grids, a further local adjustment is applied to the interpolated fuields to ebsure that global fluxes are conserved. Roberts M. J., H. Banks, N. Gedney, J. Gregory, R. Hill, S. Mullerworth, A. Paerdaens, G. Rickard, R.Thorpe and R. Wood (2004) Impact of eddy permitting ocean resolution on control and climate change simulations with a global coupled GCM. Journal of Climate, 17, 3-20. HadGEM1 Climate Simulation - Historic Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing (Ensemble Run 2) NumSim www.metoffice.gov.uk LINK HadGEM1 configuration of the Unified Model Version 6.1 The Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 was developed from the Met Office Unified Model New Dynamics in the period 2000-2004. It improved on the resolution available from previous Hadley Centre models and included support for interactive couplings between the atmosphere and ocean and the biosphere, atmospheric chemistry, the sulphur cycle and atmospheric aerosols. The HadGEM1 model was used by the Hadley Centre to provide input for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. P.A. Stott, G.S. Jones, J.A. Lowe, P.W. Thorne, C.F. Durman, T.C. Johns, and J.-C. Thelen (2006) Transient climate simulations with the HadGEM1 climate model: Causes of past warming and future climate change. Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 12, pages 2763-2782. Time varying values from 1859 to 2000 green house gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22), ozone, emissions datasets (soot, sulpher, biomass) , land surface/vegetation, solar irradiance and volcanic stratospheric aerosols. Year 330 dumps from HadGEM1 Control experiment (2189-12-01) UM Runid 1859-12-01T00:00:00 1999-01-01T00:00:00 1859-12-01T00:00:00 1989-11-30T00:00:00 1859-12-01T00:00:00 1859-12-01T00:00:00 1989-12-01T00:00:00 2000-01-01T00:00:00 1989-12-01T00:00:00 1999-11-30T00:00:00 1859-12-01T00:00:00 1859-12-01T00:00:00 U COMPNT OF WIND AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:002 V COMPNT OF WIND AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:003 THETA AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:004 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:010 QCF AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:012 SNOW AMOUNT OVER LAND AFT TSTP KG/M2 0 01:00:023 SURFACE TEMPERATURE AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:024 SURFACE ZONAL CURRENT AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:028 SURFACE MERID CURRENT AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:029 FRAC OF SEA ICE IN SEA AFTER TSTEP 0 01:00:031 SEA ICE DEPTH (MEAN OVER ICE) M 0 01:00:032 POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE (OCEAN) DEG.C 0 02:00:101 SALINITY (OCEAN) (PSU-35)/1000 0 02:00:102 HSNOW: AGGREGATE LOCAL SNOW DEPTH M 0 02:00:141 AICE: AGGREGATE ICE CONCENTRATION 0 02:00:146 HICE: AGGREGATE GBM ICE DEPTH M 0 02:00:147 W COMPNT OF WIND AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:150 DENSITY*R*R AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:253 QCL AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:254 PRESSURE AT RHO LEVELS AFTER TS 0 01:00:407 SURFACE PRESSURE AFTER TIMESTEP 0 01:00:409 Sea ice concentration by categories 0 01:00:413 Sea ice thickness GBM by categories 0 01:00:414 Sea ice surf temp by categories (K) 0 01:00:415 Sea ice snow depth by categories 0 01:00:416 DEEP SOIL TEMPERATURE AFTER B.LAYER 0 01:03:238 CANOPY WATER CONTENT 0 01:08:209 SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT IN A LAYER 0 01:08:223 THETA ON PV=+/-2 SURFACE 0 01:15:215 PRESSURE AT MEAN SEA LEVEL 0 01:16:222 RIVER WATER STORAGE M2 0 01:26:001 TEMPERATURE RHO GRID 0 01:30:004 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY RHO GRID 0 01:30:005 T MASS WEIGHTED RHO GRID kgK/m2 0 01:30:104 Q MASS WEIGHTED RHO GRID kg/m2 0 01:30:105 U COMPNT OF WIND ON P LEV/UV GRID 0 01:30:201 V COMPNT OF WIND ON P LEV/UV GRID 0 01:30:202 TEMPERATURE ON P LEV/UV GRID 0 01:30:204 RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON P LEV/UV GRID 0 01:30:206 GEOPENTIAL HEIGHT ON P LEV/UV GRID 0 01:30:207 PSTAR P GRID 0 01:30:417 Pressure at Tropopause Level 0 01:30:451 Temperature at Tropopause Level 0 01:30:452 Height at Tropopause Level 0 01:30:453 U COMPNT OF WIND AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:002 V COMPNT OF WIND AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:003 THETA AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:004 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:010 QCF AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:012 CONV CLOUD LIQUID WATER PATH 128 01:00:016 SNOW AMOUNT OVER LAND AFT TSTP KG/M2 128 01:00:023 SURFACE TEMPERATURE AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:024 BOUNDARY LAYER DEPTH AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:025 SURFACE ZONAL CURRENT AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:028 SURFACE MERID CURRENT AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:029 FRAC OF SEA ICE IN SEA AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:031 SEA ICE DEPTH (MEAN OVER ICE) M 128 01:00:032 SULPHUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 128 01:00:058 SO2 MASS MIXING RATIO AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:101 POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE (OCEAN) DEG.C 128 02:00:101 DIMETHYL SULPHIDE MIX RAT AFTER TS 128 01:00:102 SALINITY (OCEAN) (PSU-35)/1000 128 02:00:102 SO4 AITKEN MODE AEROSOL AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:103 SO4 ACCUM. MODE AEROSOL AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:104 SO4 DISSOLVED AEROSOL AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:105 FRESH SOOT MASS MIX RAT AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:108 AGED SOOT MASS MIX RAT AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:109 CLOUD SOOT MASS MIX RAT AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:110 FRESH BIOMASS SMOKE AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:111 AGED BIOMASS SMOKE AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:112 CLOUD BIOMASS SMOKE AFTER TSTEP 128 01:00:113 3D NATURAL SO2 EMISSIONS KG/M2/S 128 01:00:121 BAROCLINIC U_VELOCITY (OCEAN) CM/S 128 02:00:121 BAROCLINIC V_VELOCITY (OCEAN) CM/S 128 02:00:122 HIGH LEVEL SO2 EMISSIONS KG/M2/S 128 01:00:126 FRESH SOOT HI LEV EMISS KG/M2/S 128 01:00:129 FRESH BIOMASS SURF EMISS KG/M2/S 128 01:00:130 FRESH BIOMASS HI LEV EMISS KG/M2/S 128 01:00:131 STREAMFN TENDENCY (OCEAN) CM3/S/TS 128 02:00:132 SURFACE PRESSURE (CGS) G/CM/S2 128 02:00:134 BAROTROPIC U_VELOCITY (OCEAN) CM/S 128 02:00:135 BAROTROPIC V_VELOCITY (OCEAN) CM/S 128 02:00:136 MIXED LAYER DEPTH (OCEAN) M 128 02:00:137 ISX X OCEAN/ICE STRESS (ICE) N/M2 128 02:00:139 ISY Y OCEAN/ICE STRESS (ICE) N/M2 128 02:00:140 HSNOW: AGGREGATE LOCAL SNOW DEPTH M 128 02:00:141 GBM CARYHEAT MISC HEAT FLX(ICE) W/M2 128 02:00:142 GBM HEAT FLUX:OCEAN TO ICE(OCN) W/M2 128 02:00:143 RATE OF SALINITY CHANGE (ICE) PSU/S 128 02:00:144 AICE: AGGREGATE ICE CONCENTRATION 128 02:00:146 HICE: AGGREGATE GBM ICE DEPTH M 128 02:00:147 ICE U_VELOCITY M/S 128 02:00:148 ICE V_VELOCITY M/S 128 02:00:149 W COMPNT OF WIND AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:150 TAUX: X_WINDSTRESS N/M2 A 128 02:00:150 TAUY: Y_WINDSTRESS N/M2 A 128 02:00:151 WME: WIND MIXING ENERGY FLUX W/M2 A 128 02:00:152 SOL: PEN.SOLAR*LF INTO OCEAN W/M2 A 128 02:00:161 HTN:NONPEN.HT.FLX*LF INTO OCN W/M2 A 128 02:00:162 PLE:PRECIP-EVAP INTO OCEAN KG/M2/S A 128 02:00:165 RIVER OUTFLOW INTO OCEAN KG/M2/S A 128 02:00:166 SNOWFALL INTO OCN/ONTO ICE KG/M2/S A 128 02:00:171 SUBLIMATION FROM SEAICE KG/M2/S A 128 02:00:172 P-E FLUX CORRECTION KG/M2/S A 128 02:00:186 TOPMELT: GBM SEAICE HEAT FLUX W/M2 A 128 02:00:190 BOTMELT: GBM SEAICE HEAT FLUX W/M2 A 128 02:00:191 I2O FRESHWATER FLUX KG/M3.M/S 128 02:00:192 THICKNESS DIFF COEFF (OCEAN) CM2/S 128 02:00:194 SIG11NE ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:210 CCA WITH ANVIL AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:211 SIG11SE ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:211 SIG11SW ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:212 SIG11NW ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:213 SIG12NE ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:214 SIG12SE ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:215 SIG12SW ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:216 SIG12NW ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:217 SIG22NE ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:218 SIG22SE ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:219 SIG22SW ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:220 SIG22NW ICE INTERNAL STRESS CPT M/S 128 02:00:221 NET ENERGY CHANGE THIS PERIOD J/M**2 128 01:00:222 HSNOWN: CATEGORY LOCAL SNOW DEPTHS M 128 02:00:222 AICEN: CATEGORY ICE CONCENTRATIONS 128 02:00:223 HICEN: CATEGORY GBM ICE DEPTHS M 128 02:00:224 TOPMELTN: CATEGORY GBM TOPMELT W/M2 128 02:00:225 BOTMELTN: CATEGORY GBM BOTMELT W/M2 128 02:00:226 NET MOISTURE FLUX IN PERIOD KG/M**2 128 01:00:235 DENSITY*R*R AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:253 QCL AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:254 AREA CLOUD FRACTION IN EACH LAYER 128 01:00:265 BULK CLOUD FRACTION IN EACH LAYER 128 01:00:266 LIQUID CLOUD FRACTION IN EACH LAYER 128 01:00:267 FROZEN CLOUD FRACTION IN EACH LAYER 128 01:00:268 PRESSURE AT RHO LEVELS AFTER TS 128 01:00:407 PRESSURE AT THETA LEVELS AFTER TS 128 01:00:408 SURFACE PRESSURE AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:409 Sea ice concentration by categories 128 01:00:413 Sea ice thickness GBM by categories 128 01:00:414 Sea ice surf temp by categories (K) 128 01:00:415 Sea ice snow depth by categories 128 01:00:416 LAND SURFACE TEMP AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:506 OPEN SEA SURFACE TEMP AFTER TIMESTEP 128 01:00:507 NET DOWN SURFACE SW FLUX: SW TS ONLY 128 01:01:201 NET DN SW RAD FLUX:OPEN SEA:SEA MEAN 128 01:01:203 NET DOWN SURFACE SW FLUX BELOW 690NM 128 01:01:204 INCOMING SW RAD FLUX (TOA): ALL TSS 128 01:01:207 OUTGOING SW RAD FLUX (TOA) 128 01:01:208 CLEAR-SKY (II) UPWARD SW FLUX (TOA) 128 01:01:209 CLEAR-SKY (II) DOWN SURFACE SW FLUX 128 01:01:210 CLEAR-SKY (II) UP SURFACE SW FLUX 128 01:01:211 LAYER CLD LIQ RE * LAYER CLD WEIGHT 128 01:01:221 LAYER CLOUD WEIGHT FOR MICROPHYSICS 128 01:01:223 LAYER CLD LIQUID WATER PATH * WEIGHT 128 01:01:224 CONV CLOUD LIQ RE * CONV CLD WEIGHT 128 01:01:225 CONV CLOUD WEIGHT FOR MICROPHYSICS 128 01:01:226 TOTAL DOWNWARD SURFACE SW FLUX 128 01:01:235 NET DOWNWARD SW FLUX AT THE TROP. 128 01:01:237 UPWARD SW FLUX AT THE TROP. 128 01:01:238 DROPLET NUMBER CONC * LYR CLOUD WGT 128 01:01:241 LAYER CLOUD LWC * LAYER CLOUD WEIGHT 128 01:01:242 SO4 CCN KG/M3 * COND SAMPLING WEIGHT 128 01:01:243 CONDITIONAL SAMPLING WEIGHT 128 01:01:244 2-D RE DISTRIBUTION * 2-D RE WEIGHT 128 01:01:245 WEIGHT FOR 2-D RE DISTRIBUTION 128 01:01:246 FILM-MODE SEA-SALT AEROSOL NUMBER 128 01:01:247 JET-MODE SEA-SALT AEROSOL NUMBER 128 01:01:248 2-D RE * WEIGHT - WARM CLOUDS ONLY 128 01:01:254 WEIGHT FOR WARM CLOUD 2-D RE 128 01:01:255 NET DN SW SOLID SFC FLUX BELOW 690NM 128 01:01:259 NET DN SW O SEA FLX BLW 690NM:SEA MN 128 01:01:260 COLUMN-INTEGRATED Nd * SAMP. WEIGHT 128 01:01:280 SAMP. WEIGHT FOR COL. INT. Nd 128 01:01:281 NET DOWN SURFACE LW RAD FLUX 128 01:02:201 NET DN LW RAD FLUX:OPEN SEA:SEA MEAN 128 01:02:203 TOTAL CLOUD AMOUNT IN LW RADIATION 128 01:02:204 OUTGOING LW RAD FLUX (TOA) 128 01:02:205 CLEAR-SKY (II) UPWARD LW FLUX (TOA) 128 01:02:206 DOWNWARD LW RAD FLUX: SURFACE 128 01:02:207 CLEAR-SKY (II) DOWN SURFACE LW FLUX 128 01:02:208 NET DOWNWARD LW FLUX AT THE TROP. 128 01:02:237 TOTAL DOWNWARD LW FLUX AT THE TROP. 128 01:02:238 OZONE MASS MIXING RATIO AFTER LW 128 01:02:260 TOTAL CLOUD AMOUNT ON LEVELS 128 01:02:261 ISCCP CLOUD WEIGHTS 128 01:02:269 ISCCP CLOUD 0.3 <= tau 128 01:02:270 ISCCP CLOUD tau < 0.3 128 01:02:271 ISCCP CLOUD 0.3 <= tau < 1.3 128 01:02:272 ISCCP CLOUD 1.3 <= tau < 3.6 128 01:02:273 ISCCP CLOUD 3.6 <= tau < 9.4 128 01:02:274 ISCCP CLOUD 9.4 <= tau < 23.0 128 01:02:275 ISCCP CLOUD 23.0 <= tau < 60.0 128 01:02:276 ISCCP CLOUD 60.0 <= tau 128 01:02:277 HT FLUX THROUGH SEAICE:SEA MEAN W/M2 128 01:03:201 BOUNDARY LAYER HEAT FLUXES W/M2 128 01:03:216 SURFACE HEAT FLUX W/M2 128 01:03:217 X-COMP OF SURF & BL WIND STRESS N/M2 128 01:03:219 Y-COMP OF SURF & BL WIND STRESS N/M2 128 01:03:220 B.LAYER TOTAL MOISTURE FLUXS KG/M2/S 128 01:03:222 SURFACE TOTAL MOISTURE FLUX KG/M2/S 128 01:03:223 WIND MIX EN'GY FL TO SEA:SEA MN W/M2 128 01:03:224 10 METRE WIND U-COMP B GRID 128 01:03:225 10 METRE WIND V-COMP B GRID 128 01:03:226 10 METRE WIND SPEED ON B GRID 128 01:03:227 SFC SH FLX FROM OPEN SEA:SEA MN W/M2 128 01:03:228 SUBLIM. FROM SURFACE (GBM) KG/M2/TS 128 01:03:231 EVAP FROM OPEN SEA: SEA MEAN KG/M2/S 128 01:03:232 SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX W/M2 128 01:03:234 SEAICE TOP MELT LH FLX:SEA MEAN W/M2 128 01:03:235 TEMPERATURE AT 1.5M 128 01:03:236 DEEP SOIL TEMPERATURE AFTER B.LAYER 128 01:03:238 RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT 1.5M 128 01:03:245 SURFACE SNOWMELT HEAT FLUX W/M2 128 01:03:258 CANOPY CONDUCTANCE M/S 128 01:03:259 GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY KG C/M2/S 128 01:03:261 NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY KG C/M2/S 128 01:03:262 SO2 SURFACE DRY DEP FLUX KG/M2/S 128 01:03:270 SO4 AIT SURF DRY DEP FLUX KG/M2/S 128 01:03:271 SO4 ACC SURF DRY DEP FLUX KG/M2/S 128 01:03:272 SO4 DIS SURF DRY DEP FLUX KG/M2/S 128 01:03:273 SOIL RESPIRATION KG C/M2/S 128 01:03:293 TURBULENT MIXING HT AFTER B.LAYER m 128 01:03:304 STABLE BL INDICATOR 128 01:03:305 STRATOCUM. OVER STABLE BL INDICATOR 128 01:03:306 WELL_MIXED BL INDICATOR 128 01:03:307 DECOUPLED SC. NOT OVER CU. INDICATOR 128 01:03:308 DECOUPLED SC. OVER CU. INDICATOR 128 01:03:309 CUMULUS-CAPPED BL INDICATOR 128 01:03:310 1.5M TEMPERATURE OVER TILES 128 01:03:328 TOA OUTGOING LW RAD AFTER B.LAYER 128 01:03:332 SHEAR-DRIVEN B.LAYER INDICATOR 128 01:03:340 SUBLIM. SEAICE:SEA MEAN RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:03:353 X-COMP OF MEAN SEA SURF STRESS N/M2 128 01:03:392 Y-COMP OF MEAN SEA SURF STRESS N/M2 128 01:03:394 LARGE SCALE RAINFALL RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:04:203 LARGE SCALE SNOWFALL RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:04:204 SO2 SCAVENGED BY LS PPN KG/M2/S 128 01:04:216 SO4 DIS SCAVNGD BY LS PPN KG/M2/S 128 01:04:219 RAINFALL RATE OUT OF MODEL LEVELS 128 01:04:222 SUPERCOOLED RAIN OUT OF MODEL LEVELS 128 01:04:225 CONVECTIVE RAINFALL RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:05:205 CONVECTIVE SNOWFALL RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:05:206 TOTAL RAINFALL RATE: LS+CONV KG/M2/S 128 01:05:214 TOTAL SNOWFALL RATE: LS+CONV KG/M2/S 128 01:05:215 TOTAL PRECIPITATION RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:05:216 SO2 SCAVENGED BY CONV PPN KG/M2/SEC 128 01:05:238 SO4 AIT SCAVNGD BY CONV PPN KG/M2/S 128 01:05:239 SO4 ACC SCAVNGD BY CONV PPN KG/M2/S 128 01:05:240 SO4 DIS SCAVNGD BY CONV PPN KG/M2/S 128 01:05:241 SHALLOW CONVECTION INDICATOR 128 01:05:270 CUMULUS OVER OROGRAPHY INDICATOR 128 01:05:271 X COMPONENT OF GRAVITY WAVE STRESS 128 01:06:201 Y COMPONENT OF GRAVITY WAVE STRESS 128 01:06:202 SNOW MASS AFTER HYDROLOGY KG/M2 128 01:08:023 SFC RUNOFF AMOUNT:LAND MEAN KG/M2/TS 128 01:08:204 SUB-SFC RUNOFF AMT:LAND MN KG/M2/TS 128 01:08:205 CANOPY WATER CONTENT 128 01:08:209 SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT IN A LAYER 128 01:08:223 DEEP SOIL TEMP. AFTER HYDROLOGY DEGK 128 01:08:225 UNFROZEN SOIL MOISTURE FRACTION 128 01:08:229 FROZEN SOIL MOISTURE FRACTION 128 01:08:230 LAND SNOW MELT RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:08:231 SURFACE RUNOFF RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:08:234 SUB-SURFACE RUNOFF RATE KG/M2/S 128 01:08:235 TOTAL CLOUD AMOUNT MAX/RANDOM OVERLP 128 01:09:217 CRITICAL RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN LAYERS 128 01:09:228 Indicator of local q diffusion 128 01:13:201 ERTEL POTENTIAL VORTICITY(THETA LEV) 128 01:15:214 PRESSURE AT MEAN SEA LEVEL 128 01:16:222 MSA MASS MIXING RATIO FLUX KG/KG/S 128 01:17:203 RIVER WATER STORAGE M2 128 01:26:001 GRIDBOX OUTFLOW KG/S 128 01:26:002 GRIDBOX INFLOW KG/S 128 01:26:003 RIVER OUTFLOW KG/M2/S 128 01:26:004 T AT EOT ON MODEL LEVELS 128 01:30:111 WBIG Set to 1 if w GT 1.0m/s 128 01:30:112 U COMPNT OF WIND ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:201 VERT.VEL. ON OCEAN HALF LEVELS CM/S 128 02:30:201 V COMPNT OF WIND ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:202 W COMPNT OF WIND ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:203 TEMPERATURE ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:204 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:205 RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:206 GBM HTN INTO OCEAN BUDGET W/M**2 128 02:30:206 GEOPENTIAL HEIGHT ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:207 SNOWRATE WHERE NO ICE KG M**-2 S**-1 128 02:30:207 OMEGA ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:208 CARYHEAT AFTER ROW CALCULATION W/M2 128 02:30:208 UU ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:211 MEAD DIAGNOSTICS: TEMPERATURE W 128 02:30:211 UV ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:212 MEAD DIAGNOSTICS: SALINITY KG/S 128 02:30:212 UW ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:213 UT ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:214 UQ ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:215 UZ ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:217 UOM ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:218 VV ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:222 VW ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:223 VT ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:224 VQ ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:225 VZ ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:227 VOM ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:228 WW ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:233 WT ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:234 DTHETA/DT FROM X-DIFFUSION K/Gs 128 02:30:234 WQ ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:235 DTHETA/DT FROM Y-DIFFUSION K/Gs 128 02:30:235 DTHETA/DT FROM Z-DIFFUSION K/Gs 128 02:30:236 DTHETA/DT FROM SFC. FLUXES K/Gs 128 02:30:237 DTHETA/DT FROM PEN. SOLAR K/Gs 128 02:30:238 DTHETA/DT FROM ICE PHYSICS K/Gs 128 02:30:239 DTHETA/DT FROM ML PHYSICS K/Gs 128 02:30:240 DTHETA/DT FROM CONVECTION K/Gs 128 02:30:241 DTHETA/DT FROM ADVECTION K/Gs 128 02:30:242 TT ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:244 TQ ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:245 DTHETA/DT FROM MED. OUTFLOW K/Gs 128 02:30:245 TOM ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:248 QOM ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:258 ZZ ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:277 ZOM ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:278 ANOM. HEAT "SINK" AT OCN FLOOR W/M2 128 02:30:279 WATER_FLUX*SALINITY/DENSITY m Gs**-1 128 02:30:280 OMOM ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:288 HEAVYSIDE FN ON P LEV/UV GRID 128 01:30:301 DS/DT FROM X-DIFFUSION (OCN) Gs**-1 128 02:30:309 DS/DT FROM Y-DIFFUSION (OCN) Gs**-1 128 02:30:310 DS/DT FROM Z-DIFFUSION (OCN) Gs**-1 128 02:30:311 DS/DT FROM SFC. FLUXES (OCN) Gs**-1 128 02:30:312 DS/DT FROM ICE PHYSICS (OCN) Gs**-1 128 02:30:313 DS/DT FROM ML PHYSICS (OCN) Gs**-1 128 02:30:314 DS/DT FROM CONVECTION (OCN) Gs**-1 128 02:30:315 DS/DT FROM ADVECTION Gs**-1 128 02:30:316 DS/DT FROM MED. OUTFLOW (OCN) Gs**-1 128 02:30:319 TOTAL OCEAN U-VELOCITY CM S**-1 128 02:30:320 TOTAL OCEAN V-VELOCITY CM S**-1 128 02:30:321 TOTAL KE PER UA WITH W RHO GRID 128 01:30:402 TOTAL COLUMN DRY MASS RHO GRID 128 01:30:403 TOTAL COLUMN WET MASS RHO GRID 128 01:30:404 TOTAL COLUMN QCL RHO GRID 128 01:30:405 TOTAL COLUMN QCF RHO GRID 128 01:30:406 MOUNTAIN TORQUE PER UNIT AREA N/M 128 01:30:410 ANGULAR MOMENTUM M1 KG M2/S X10-24 128 01:30:411 ANGULAR MOMENTUM M2 KG M2/S X10-24 128 01:30:412 ANGULAR MOMENTUM M3 KG M2/S X10-24 128 01:30:413 ANGULAR MOMENTUM W1 KG M2/S X10-24 128 01:30:414 ANGULAR MOMENTUM W2 KG M2/S X10-24 128 01:30:415 ANGULAR MOMENTUM W3 KG M2/S X10-24 128 01:30:416 PSTAR P GRID 128 01:30:417 ENERGY CORR P GRID IN COLUMN W/M2 128 01:30:419 column integral cvT per unit area 128 01:30:420 column integral gr per unit area 128 01:30:421 dry mass col int u*gz per unit area 128 01:30:422 dry mass col int v*gz per unit area 128 01:30:423 dry mass col int w*gz per unit area 128 01:30:424 dry mass col int u*T per unit area 128 01:30:425 dry mass col int v*T per unit area 128 01:30:426 dry mass col int w*T per unit area 128 01:30:427 dry mass col int u*q per unit area 128 01:30:428 dry mass col int v*q per unit area 128 01:30:429 dry mass col int w*q per unit area 128 01:30:430 dry mass col int u*v per unit area 128 01:30:431 dry mass col int u*w per unit area 128 01:30:432 dry mass col int v*w per unit area 128 01:30:433 dry mass col int u*KE per unit area 128 01:30:434 dry mass col int v*KE per unit area 128 01:30:435 dry mass col int w*KE per unit area 128 01:30:436 dry mass col int u per unit area 128 01:30:437 dry mass col int v per unit area 128 01:30:438 dry mass col int w per unit area 128 01:30:439 Pressure at Tropopause Level 128 01:30:451 Temperature at Tropopause Level 128 01:30:452 Height at Tropopause Level 128 01:30:453 SNOWRATE WHERE ICY KG M**-2 S**-1 128 02:32:215 GBM SNOWDEPTH ON SEA-ICE M 128 02:32:218 d/dt AICE ADVECTION s-1 128 02:32:223 d/dt HICE ADVECTION(& DIFFUSION) ms-1 128 02:32:224 d/dt GBM SNOWDEPTH ADVECTION m s-1 128 02:32:225 d/dt AICE THERMODYN s-1 128 02:32:227 d/dt HICE THERMODYN m s-1 128 02:32:228 d/dt GBM SNOWDEPTH THERMODYN m s-1 128 02:32:229 d/dt AICE RIDGING s-1 128 02:32:232 d/dt GBM SNOWDEPTH RIDGING m s-1 128 02:32:234 GBM CATEGORY SNOWDEPTHS ON SEA-ICE m 128 02:32:235 d/dt CATEGORY AICEN ADVECTION s-1 128 02:32:236 d/dt CATEGORY HICEN ADVECTION m s-1 128 02:32:237 d/dt GBM CAT SNOWDEPTH ADVECT ms-1 128 02:32:238 d/dt CATEGORY AICEN RIDGING s-1 128 02:32:239 d/dt CATEGORY HICEN RIDGING m s-1 128 02:32:240 d/dt GBM CAT SNOWDEPTH RIDGING m s-1 128 02:32:241 d/dt CATEGORY AICEN THERMODYN s-1 128 02:32:242 d/dt CATEGORY HICEN THERMODYN m s-1 128 02:32:243 d/dt GBM CAT SNOWDEPTH THERMDYN ms-1 128 02:32:244 Mass of ice and snow (kg/m2)(tmass) 128 02:32:300 Ice Pressure (prss) 128 02:32:301 Ice EVP dsig11dx 128 02:32:302 Ice EVP dsig12dy 128 02:32:303 Ice EVP dsig21dx 128 02:32:304 Ice EVP dsig22dy 128 02:32:305 TEMPERATURE AT 1.5M 4096 01:03:236 10 METRE WIND SPEED ON B GRID 8192 01:03:227 TEMPERATURE AT 1.5M 8192 01:03:236 TOTAL PRECIPITATION RATE KG/M2/S 8192 01:05:216 BADC 2007-02-01 PP Network 99 Data Extraction Completed - QA Issues 2008-02-01T00:00:00 Data Transfer Suspended 2008-02-01T00:00:00 Open: Awaiting QA Investigation QUALITY ISSUE - ~500 missing files (~120 Gbyte) from aetka (apc, aps, apy, opd, ops, opx, and opy) - most have been recovered from MASS. A few files remain to be disovered. once this is complete the entire set of missing files will be transferred.